I see this is a very old post, but I found it when searching for any other suggestion posts duringthe Community 1.1 Update Suggestions. Perhaps this is a better place to mention it than a new thread.
I am slightly Protanopia colorblind and moderately deuteranopia colorblind. Both are called "red / green" colorblindness. I don't have tritanopia (yellow / blue) colorblindess, so I can't address your original question unfortunately.
I'm not very far into the game, but the main issue I'm running into the minimap. I have a hard time separating... well nearly everything other than empty space.
I can do it, but it isn't something I can do at a glance.
Hopefully this example helps.
1.a (my ship), when near the planet is a similar color.
1.a and 2 (green(?) resources) are difficult to see the differences between.
3 (red(?) resources) and the world are probably the hardest for me, especially on the orange(?) background. It's all just similar color schemes.
Is it at all possible to allow us to define the resource colors on our own? Maybe with hexadecimal values? I can see them just fine when flying around, it's just on the map.
The only other issue I could think of is maybe the logic gates using red/green for off/on. Right now they aren't an issue for me personally, but I've always liked the idea of red for negative and blue for positive.
As a side note, maybe this site can help identify issues? https://www.color-blindness.com/coblis-color-blindness-simulator/
Thanks for considering these issues.